JOURNAL OF REV. WILLIAM ROGERS, D.D., Chaplain of Gen. Hand's Brigade in the Sullivan Expedition, 1779.
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JOURNAL OF REV. WILLIAM ROGERS, D.D.,
Chaplain of Gen. Hand's Brigade
in the Sullivan Expedition.
1779.
Pennsylvania Archives
Second Series
Volume 15
Pages 255-288
(See Illustration of William Rogers)
[The Rev. William Rogers was Chaplain in the Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment
(Col. Samuel Miles) in 1776, and in June, 1778, Brigade Chaplain. His
Journal is copied from the Rhode Island Historical Tracts published in 1879.]
June 15th. - Left Philadelphia.
June 17th. About 8 o'clock, crossed Easton ferry. Easton is a pretty
village, the capital of Northampton county, Pennsylvania. Here I met with
a large circle of my military acquaintances of General Poor's and
Maxwell's brigades. At Colonel Barber's marquee I was introduced to Mr.
Kirkland, a worthy clergyman who for a number of years past has been
stationed as a missionary among the Indians. The place of his residence is
Stockbridge, Massachusetts. I am glad to hear Mr. Kirkland is to go with
us on the secret expedition. Four Stockbridge Indians are at Easton, who
are to act as guides; we expect on our march the Oneidas and friendly
Tuscaroras to offer us their assistance.
June 18th. All the troops in town prepared for marching. Between 5 and
6 o'clock, left the village with all the pack horses, stores, etc. Halted
for breakfast. The army reaching the foot of the Blue Mountains, twelve
miles from Easton, encamped for the day. Dr. Kirkland, Dr. Evans and
myself passed the mountain at a place called Wind Gap. We rode on seven
miles from the camp to Brinker's Mills, now known as Sullivan's stores,
upon account of a large house built here and a great quantity of
provisions being stored therein for the use of the forces under Major
General Sullivan's command. At the store we met with Captain Luke
Broadhead, who with Captain Patterson attends at this post. On the road
from Easton to Sullivan's stores nothing is to be seen, but hills, stones,
trees and brush excepting here and there a scattered house and a lake near
the mountain, half a mile in length and one-fourth of a mile in breadth,
wherein abound a variety of fish.
June 19th. At 7 A.M. the troops reached Sullivan's stores. Halted and
draw four days' provisions. Doctors Kirkland, Evans, Hunter and myself
rode forward about nine miles to a place called Pokono, lower Smithfield
township, and put up for the night at the house of a Mr. Savage, which,
exclusive of one, is the last house from Easton to Wyoming, the remainder
of the way (thirty odd miles) being uninhabited, except by wild beast and
roving animals. On a mountain between Sullivan's stores and Pokono, we had
a fine prospect of nature's works. We discovered the water gap of the Blue
Mountains, and hill upon hill surrounding us. The troops encamped at
Learn's tavern, Pokono point. Pokono lies from Easton north, about two
points west.
Sunday, June 20th Marched this morning in the following order. General
Maxwell's brigade in front. Next Colonel Proctor's regiment; then Poor's
brigade, afterwards the baggage. Halted at Rum Bridge for the night, six
miles from the last inhabited house towards Wyoming. The camp is called
Chowder camp, from the commander-in-chief dining this day on chowder made
of trout. The artillery soldiers killed two or three rattlesnakes and
made, as I understand, a good meal of them. Owing to Pokono mountain and
other eminences, found this day's march very fatiguing to the horses
belonging to the artillery. Passed a large quantity of pine, popular and
oak timber, also a quantity of the largest laurel; the ground universally
covered with brush by the name of ground oak. No preaching today on
account of the fatigue of the troops.
Monday, June, 21, 1779 This day we marched through the Great Swamp and
Bear Swamp. The Great Swamp, which is eleven or twelve miles through,
contains what is called in our maps the "shades of death," by reason of
its darkness; both swamps contain trees of amazing height, viz., hemlock,
birch, pine, sugar maple, ash, locust, etc. The roads in some places are
tolerable, but in other places exceedingly bad, by reason of which, and a
long though necessary march, three of our wagons and the carriages of two
field pieces were broken down. This day we proceeded twenty miles and
encamped late in the evening at a spot which the commander named Camp
Fatigue. The troops were tired and hungry. The road through the Swamps is
entirely new, being fitted for the passage of our wagons by Colonels
Courtlandt and Spencer at the instance of the commander-in-chief; the way
leading to Wyoming, being before only a blind narrow path. The new road
does its projectors great credit and must in a future day be of essential
service to the inhabitants of Wyoming and Easton. In the Great Swamp is
Locust Hill, where we discovered evident marks of a destroyed Indian
village. Tobyhanna and Middle creeks empty into the Tunkhanunk; the
Tunkhanunk empties into the head branch of the Lehigh, which, at Easton,
empties into the Delaware. The Moosic mountain, through a gap of which we
passed in the Great Swamp, is the dividing ridge which separates the
Delaware from the Susquehanna.
Tuesday, June 22, The Army continued at Camp Fatigue until two o'clock,
P.M., on account of their great march the preceding day, many of the
wagons of the rear guard not getting in until midnight. A bear and wolf
were seen by a New Hampshire sentinel, and several deer by a scouting
party, but none were shot. In the forenoon a person arrived who in the
month of April last had been taken prisoner near the Minisink by two
Tories, two Tuscaroras and seven Delawares; this poor fellow, after being
carried through a long tract of country, and experiencing the severest
usage in being cruelly tied or bound or otherwise ill treated, had the
good fortune when getting within one day's march of Chemung, to make his
escape at night when the Indians were asleep; he was obliged, however, to
leave his only son and two other boys behind. In relating this
circumstance he was greatly affected. For forty days he was almost
destitute of provisions, and eighteen or twenty days without seeing a
fire. Rattlesnakes and a few small fish were his support till he reached
Wyoming. He seemed very sensible of his providential deliverance, and in
relating the matter gave God the praise.
Wednesday, June 23 The troops prepared themselves for Wyoming, from
which we were now distant only seven miles. This day we marched with
regularity, and at a distance of three miles came to the place where
Captain Davis and Lieutenant Jones, with a corporal and four privates were
scalped, tomahawked, and speared by the savages, fifteen or twenty in
number; two boards are fixed at the spot where Davis and Jones fell, with
their names on each, Jones's besmeared with his own blood. In passing this
melancholy vale, an universal gloom appeared on the countenances of both
officers and men without distinction, and from the eyes of many, as by a
sudden impulse, dropped the sympathizing tear. Colonel Proctor, out of
respect to the deceased, ordered the music to play the tune of Roslin
Castle, the soft and moving notes of which, together with what so forcibly
struck the eye, tended greatly to fill our breasts with pity, and to renew
our grief for our worthy friends and brethren. The words of the celebrated
Young, occurred on this occasion to my mind:
"Life's little stage is a small eminence,
Inch high above the grave, that home of man
Where dwells the multitude."
Getting within two miles of Wyoming, we had from a fine eminence an
excellent view of the settlement. It is founded on each side of the
eastern branch of the Susquehanna, which with the western branch unite at
Northumberland, from which place Wilkesbarre, the county town, is distant
sixty-five miles. It lies in a beautiful valley, surrounded by very high
ground, the people inhabit up and down the banks of the river and very
little back. There were in the settlement last summer a court house, a
jail, and many dwelling houses, all of which excepting a few scattered
ones were burnt by the savages after the battle of July 3, 1778, which
took place near Forty Fort. At present there are a few log houses newly
built, a fort, one or two stockaded redoubts and a row of barracks. The
settlement consists of six or more small townships. At the battle before
spoken of about two hundred and twenty were massacred within the space of
an hour and a half, more than one hundred of whom were married men; their
widows afterwards had all their property taken from them and several of
them with their children were made prisoners. It is said Queen Esther, of
the Six Nations, who was with the enemy, scalped and tomahawked with her
own hands in cool blood eight or ten persons. The Indian women in general
were guilty of the greatest barbarities. Since this dreadful stroke they
have visited the settlement several times, each time killing, or rather
torturing to death, more or less. Many of their bones continue yet
unburied where the main action happened. Wyoming is by Connecticut, styled
Westmoreland county, and has for a long time been under the jurisdiction
of that state. How the matter will be settled by them and the Commonwealth
of Pennsylvania, must be determined by those who are better acquainted
with the dispute than I am.
Thursday, June 24. Was introduced to Colonel Zebulon Butler, the
gentleman of whom much has been said on account of his persevering conduct
in opposing the savages. Had an interview with Mr. Ludwigg, baker-in-chief
for the army, who was sent on from Easton to this post, to prepare bread
for the troops; owing to his activity, a bake-house was built in eleven
days and a large quantity of bread was in readiness for delivery on our
arrival. An inhabitant showed me an Indian weapon called a death mall. The
handle was unwieldy, the ball about the bigness of a three pounder,
curiously cut out of a maple knot. The use of this instrument is to knock
people on the scull with, when overtaken in a chase. Being Saint John's
day, a number of Free-masons met at Colonel Proctor's marquee; at his
request (though not one of the fraternity myself) read for them the Rev.
Dr. Smith's excellent sermon on Masonry.
Saturday, June 26, Between ten and eleven o'clock last night there was a
small alarm; two Indians were discovered advancing towards some of our
sentries. The sentinels fired on them, but the savages escaped. Captain
Jehoiakim with two other Stockbridge Indians and five soldiers of Colonel
Cilley's regiment were sent out on a scout. Dined with the officers of artillery.
A rock (fish) which was caught the preceding evening, on the table, which
measured two feet nine inches and weighed twenty-seven pounds.
Sunday, June 27. Agreeably to yesterday's orders, preached at ten
o'clock, A.M., near the Fort to General Hand's brigade and Colonel
Proctor's regiment; General Sullivan with his suite were present. Captain
Jehoiakim returned; he met with no success. This day, with the three
preceding, exceedingly sultry.
Monday, June 28, P.M. News arrived of a family near Carns' Tavern,
between this and Easton, being part of them killed and part of them taken
prisoners by the savages.
Tuesday, June 19. Early this morning the account we had yesterday was
confirmed by the arrival of Mr. Steel D. C. G. of issues who says that of
the family, three women were carried off, and that a son of Dr. Ledlie's
was scalped and tomahawked. The few scattered inhabitants were in great
distress moving for safety to Sullivan's Stores leaving the principal part
of their property behind them. Upwards of thirty boats loaded with
provisions arrived this day from Sunbury. Orders came out of the execution
of Lawrence Miller and Michael Rosebury, in the following words: "The
sentence of death passed upon Lawrence Miller and Michael Rosebury by the
court martial, whereof Brigadier General Maxwell was president, and
approved of by the Commander-in-chief at Easton in the orders of the sixth
instant, is directed to be executed upon the said Lawrence Miller and
Michael Rosebury, inhabitants of Sussex county, State of New Jersey, being
tried by a general court martial, held at Easton, on the third instant, of
which Brigadier General Maxwell was president, for enticing soldiers of
the American army to desert to the enemy, and engaging their assistance
for that purpose, the court are of the opinion, they are guilty of the
charges exhibited, and do unanimously sentence them to suffer death. The
Commander-in-chief approves the sentence of the court, but postpones the
execution of it for a few days. He at the same time returns his thanks to
Lieutenant McConnell, and the other evidences, for their zeal and address
in detecting the offenders. P.M. Mr. Kirkland accompanied me in paying
these two unfortunate men a visit; found them ignorant and stupid. Our
endeavors were upon this occasion to open unto them the nature of man's
fall, and the dreadful situation of those who died in a state of
impenitency and unbelief.
Wednesday, June 30. We went to see the prisoners; Miller appeared much
softened, distressed, and anxious about his future state; Rosebury said
but little; I enlarged particularly at this time on their awful condition
by nature and practice, their amazing guilt in the sight of an holy God;
the spirituality of the divine law; the necessity of an interest in Jesus
Christ; their own inability to obtain salvation, and the great importance
of a due preparation for another world.
Thursday, July 1. Before breakfast visited the convicts; spoke to them
on the realities of heaven and hell, and the justice and mercy of God;
Miller appeared still more penitent, and freely confessed the sentence of
death passed against him to be just. The other excused himself and
insisted much on the innocency of his life. Mr. Kirkland and myself waited
on the Commander-in-chief, in order to recommend Miller to mercy. His
Excellency was so obliging as to inform us that it was his purpose, upon
account of Miller's wife and numerous family, his decent behavior on
trial, the recommendation of the court and former good character, to
pardon him under the gallows, fifteen minutes after the execution of
Rosebury; and requested that it might remain a secret with us until it was
publicly known. P.M. At the hour appointed the prisoners were taken
under guard to the place of execution, attended by Messrs. Kirkland,
Hunter and myself. In walking to the gallows we of course conversed with
them on the most serious subjects. Upon arriving there, the military being
under arms, and a number of the inhabitants present, it fell to my lot to
address the spectators, after which Mr. Kirkland prayed. Rosebury was then
turned off; he died to all appearance the same stupid man he was at the
first of our visiting him. Poor Miller was much agitated at the sight,
expecting every moment the same punishment. He was employed in commending
himself to God upon hearing his pardon from the commander-in-chief read,
he was greatly affected. On recovering himself he expressed the utmost
thankfulness for his great deliverance. The scene throughout was very affecting.
Friday, July 2, P.M. An experiment by the General's permission, was made
by Colonel Proctor, with a grasshopper on board one of the batteaux, with
a view of trying the nature of shot on the water should it be necessary
when going up the river. Four rounds of canister and eight of round, were
discharged, which fully proved the utility of the plan; it plainly
appearing that the enemy's force, consisting of the greatest number of
boats, would be hereby totally frustrated in their design of impeding our
progress. The sight was extremely gratifying. Notwithstanding the axletree
of the cannon on which the grasshopper was mounted was as wide as the
batteau, yet the batteau was not in the least injured by the experiment.
Sunday, July 4. Ten o'clock. Preached to the brigade and regiment of
artillery; being the anniversary of the declaration of American
Independence, took notice of the same in my sermon. Text, Psalm 32:10,
"But he that trusteth in the Lord, mercy shall encompass him about." The
discourse was concluded nearly as follows: Politically as a nation are we
exhorted to trust in the Lord. God hath hitherto blessed our arms and
smiled on our infant rising states. Recollect, my brethren, the
commencement of our bloody contest; pursue in your minds the difficulties
we already have had to encounter. Be not ye afraid of the insolent foe.
"Remember Jehovah, who is great and terrible, and fight for your brethren,
sons and your daughters, your wives and your houses." Provided we fear God
and are publicly as well as individually honest; what have we now to alarm
us? American exertions have hitherto been crowned with success; let us
still under the banners of liberty, and with a Washington for our head, go
on from conquering to conquer. Hark! What voice is that which I hear? It
is the voice of encouragement; permit me for your animation to repeat it
distinctly: "Our fathers trusted and the Lord did deliver them; they cried
unto Him and were delivered; they trusted in Him and were not confounded."
Even so may it be with us, for the sake of Christ Jesus, who came to give
Freedom to the world.
Monday, July 5th. An Express arrived from Sunbury, announcing the
destruction of nine persons out of twelve, by the savages at Munsey, as
they were working in a field. Took a view of the remains of Forty Fort. At
General Poor's, where a large party dined today, two skulls were shown us
which were picked up near the field of battle, and with a variety of other
human bones had lain unburied for twelve months past. From the appearance
of the skulls which were most shockingly gashed and bruised, it is evident
that the poor creatures must have suffered amazingly. Towards evening two
soldiers reported that they saw four Indians about three-quarters of a
mile from General Poor's encampment. Two small parties were sent out to
make discoveries.
Wednesday, July 7th. A soldier of Colonel Shreeve's regiment going out a
hunting, after getting about three miles espied an Indian. The Indian
being on the opposite side of a deep run fired on him and shot the sleeve
of his coat. The soldier having run a small distance, looking behind, and
saw two other savages who had joined the first; he then retreated in haste
to the camp and reported the occurrence to the General. In consequence of
which three parties were ordered to be in readiness on the ensuing morning
to scout different ways.
Thursday, July 8th, A.M. Generals Hand and Maxwell, Colonels Proctor,
Butler and Shreeve, with the number of other gentlemen, agreeably to
proposal, rode up to Colonel Courtlandts, where, being joined by him,
General Poor, Major Fish and others, and having the benefit of a proper
escort of light infantry, we proceeded up the river four miles further to
take a view of the noted place where the battle was fought July 3, 1778,
between Colonel Butler, with his Tories and the savages on one side, five
hundred in number, and our Colonel Butler, on the other with three hundred
of the inhabitants, who had formed themselves into militia companies,
having nothing but bad muskets without bayonets. Our people, sally out of
Forty Fort, proceeded to Wintermute's Fort, where the enemy forming their
left and extending their right quite to a swamp, were prepared to receive
the defenders of their country. Our Colonel Butler, having judiciously
drawn up his men in line of battle to oppose the barbarians, a severe
firing ensued; six or seven rounds were in a few moments discharged on
both sides, when the enemy's centre, fallen a few paces back and apart of
their right filing off, our people supposing that they had intention of
surrounding them, instantly got confused and notwithstanding the spirited
exertions of their Colonel, a retreat took place and ended in a general
rout, which gave to a most horrid scene of butchery. Out of our party only
one hundred escaped; among these were Colonel Butler. From many
circumstances it appeared Wintermute's Fort proved treacherous, old Mr.
Wintermute with all his sons and about twenty-five others who composed the
garrison, having on the enemy's approach delivered up the fort, without
the least opposition, the major part of whom immediately joined the enemy
and took up arms against their friends. Moreover it was alleged that they
corresponded with the enemy many months before. The place where the battle
was fought may with propriety be called "a place of skulls," as the bodies
of the slain were not buried, their bones were scattered in every
direction all around; a great number of which for a few days past having
been picked up, were decently interred by our people. We passed a grave
where seventy-five skeletons were buried; also a spot where fourteen
wretched creatures, who having surrendered upon being promised mercy, were
nevertheless made immediately to sit down in a ring, and after the savages
had worked themselves up to the extreme of fury in their usual manner, by
dancing, singing, halloaing, etc., they proceeded deliberately to tomahawk
the poor fellows one after another. Fifteen surrendered and composed the
ring. Upon the Indians beginning their work of cruelty, one of them
providentially escaped, who reported the matter to Colonel Butler, who
upon his return to Wyoming, went to the spot and found the bones of the
fourteen lying as human bodies in an exact circle. It is remarkable, that
on this spot grows a kind of grass different from all other grass around
it. The bones of seven or eight other persons were found nearly consumed,
they having been burned to death. Colonel Butler related the following
occurrence. On a small island in the Susquehanna below the field of
action, Giles Slocum, having reached thus far in safety, concealed himself
in the bushes, where he was witness to the meeting of John and Henry
Pensell, brothers. John was a Tory and Henry was a whig. Henry, having
lost his gun, upon seeing his brother John, fell upon his knees and begged
him to spare his life; upon which John called him a damned rebel. John
then went deliberately to a log, got on the same, and began to load his
piece, while Henry was upon his knees imploring him as a brother not to
kill him. "I will," said he, "go with you and serve you as long as I live,
if you will spare my life." John loaded his gun. Henry continued, "You
won't kill your brother, will you?" "Yes," replied the monster, "I will as
soon as look at you, you are a damned rebel." He then shot him and
afterwards went up and struck him four or five times with a tomahawk and
scalped him. Immediately after one of the enemy coming to him said, "What
have you been doing, have you killed your brother?" "Yes," said he "for he
was a damned rebel." The other replied, "I have a great mind to serve you
in the same manner." They went off together. In the evening Slocum made
his escape. Slocum is a man of reputation, and his word was never disputed
in the neighborhood where he is known. The family of the Pensells came
from lower Smithfield on the Delaware, twenty miles above Easton. Henry's
widow and seven children are still at Wyoming, in very low circumstances.
From the best intelligence collected between seventy and eighty of the
butchering foe were killed. Colonel Denison, retreated to Forty Fort that
night, next day capitulated. The savages, notwithstanding the
capitulation, plundered the inhabitants of everything that came in their
way; sparing neither woman nor child. Good God! Who, after such repeated
instances of cruelty, can ever be totally reconciled to that government
which divesting itself of the feelings of humanity, has influenced the
savage tribes to kill and wretchedly to torture to death, persons of each
sex and of every age the prattling infant, the blooming maid and persons
of venerable years, have alike fallen victims to its vindictive rage. On
the road to Wintermute's fort, we took notice of very high Timothy grass.
The earth in general is very rich, the whole settlement from its appearance
is capable of producing the finest wheat, and every other kind of grain.
Friday, July 9th. Upwards of fifty boats arrived from Sunbury, loaded
with stores and guarded by the Eleventh Pennsylvania regiment, commanded
by Colonel Hubley. The small boats, being unloaded, set off again under
the directions of Captain Cummings, to proceed down the Susquehanna for
further necessaries.
Saturday, July 10th. Early this morning General Hand with his
aid-de-camp, escorted by a company of light horse, set out for Harris's
ferry, one hundred and thirty miles distant, in order to hurry on
provisions, the detention of which, owing to the unaccountable neglect of
those who have the superintendence of the same, has occasioned the army to
continue at this post for such a length of time, and bids fair, without
the spirited exertions of some superior officer, to prevent in a great
measure our accomplishing the desirable end in view. Colonel Dayton,
returning from New Jersey, brought with him several newspapers, the
perusal of which was a great refreshment after such a long political
drought. Colonel Read's regiment of General Poor's Brigade marched to
Sullivan's Stores, with a view of mending the roads and escorting the
wagons which are to come on from thence and Easton. An experiment was made
towards evening on board of a batteau, by discharging several shells from
a five and one-half inch howitzer. It appeared that great benefit may be
derived there from, without the least injury befalling the batteau. One of
the shells was thrown nine hundred yards, and upon it bursting exhibited
to the spectators a pleasing sight.
Sunday, July 11th. Raining all day, which prevented the chaplains from
officiating. A letter was received by express from General Clinton, dated
head of Lake Otsego, announcing that twenty-five Oneida warriors had
joined him, and that the hostile Indians were collecting together in their
own country where they meant to oppose us; also that a detachment of three
hundred had been sent out to distress and harass our army as much as
possible on the march.
Monday, July 12th. In consequence of the above intelligence, one hundred
and fifty men with a field piece were ordered to reinforce Colonel Read.
Tuesday, July 13th. A letter was received at headquarters the preceding
evening from General Hand, requesting that the large batteaux might be
sent down the river, as the boats there were not sufficient. They were
accordingly sent away this morning under the direction of Major Conway,
with a detachment of infantry and Captain Rice, of the artillery, with two
field pieces and an howitzer.
Wednesday, July 14th. Last night thirty-three of the German regiment
deserted under the plea of their time being out. They went off properly
armed with drum and fife. Their route being discovered by a friendly
Indian, who was dispatched for the purpose, a detachment of fifty soldiers
on horseback were ordered to pursue them.
Friday, July 16th. News arrived of the detachment having taken all the
deserters except four or five.
Saturday, July 17th. We learnt that the Indians had been committing some
outrages on the western branches of the Susquehanna.
Sunday, July 18th. A scouting party, consisting of a few soldiers and
the four Stockbridge Indians, returned. They proceeded as far as Wyoming,
discovered many tracks, but saw none of the enemy.
Monday, July 19th. Colonel Cowperthwaite arrived from Philadelphia. On
his way he inspected the provisions at Sullivan's Stores. If those on the
way from Sunbury should not turn out better, of which he was fearful, our
expedition must be attended with many inconveniences. Mr. Bond also got in
with a number of horses for the army. Likewise a party with twenty-nine of
the German deserters, four being yet missing.
Tuesday, July 20th. Accounts are received of the enemy's plundering New
Haven, burning Fairfield and committing many other outrages in Connecticut.
Wednesday, July 21st. This morning an express arrived with the following
glorious intelligence from the main army. That on Thursday night last,
General Wayne with part of his light infantry, surprised and took the
whole of the garrison of Stony Point, with all their stores, mortars,
howitzers, tents, baggage, etc., without the loss of more than four or
five privates. The garrison consisting of English, Scotch, and new levies,
with two or three companies of grenadiers, besides artillery, in the whole
about six hundred men. In the evening a number of wagons from Easton
arrived loaded with stores, also an express who had a letter from Colonel
Stroud to some militia captain dated this morning, two o'clock, informing
that a number of Indians were at Minisink plundering and murdering the
inhabitants; the colonel writes to the captain for assistance, as he
expected they would in the course of the day be at or near his house, as
they were bending their course that way.
Saturday, July 24th. General Hand arrived with one hundred and twelve
loaded boats. On the river they appeared beautiful as the approached the
village in proper divisions. Those with field pieces on board discharged
several rounds for joy, which in the surrounding woods produced a pleasing
echo. The Commander-in-Chief in public orders returned his cordial thanks
to General Hand, Major Conway, Captains Rice and Porter, and others for
their great exertions in thus bringing forward the stores of the army with
such expedition. Also expressed his grateful acknowledgments to Commissary
Steele for his attention and activity in the business. The troops were
directed to be in readiness to march on Wednesday morning next. The
deserters from the German regiment, having been tried by a general court
martial whereof General Poor was President, having been found guilty, were
sentenced as follows, viz: five to be shot, two corporals to be reduced to
the ranks, and the remaining twenty-two to run the gauntlet through Gener
al Maxwell's and General Hand's brigade and the regiment of the artillery;
the respective punishment to take place on Monday next as four P.M.
Sunday, July 25th. No preaching, it being a very rainy day. P.M.
Visited the criminals. The whole appeared attentive to what was said, but
very ignorant of those things which appertain to religion. In the orders
issued this day is laid down the line or march for the army from this
place to Tioga. General Hand's brigade, which is to be considered as the
light corps, is to move in three columns and keep something less than a
mile in advance of the main body. General Maxwell will advance by his
left, then General Poor by his right, the flank guard on the right to
consist of a field officer and two hundred men in two divisions, the flank
guard on the left to consist of a captain and sixty men in two divisions.
The pack horses and cattle to follow in the rear of General Poor's
brigades. Those of Colonel Proctor's regiment who are not required with
the artillery in the boats are to march in the rear of Maxwell's brigade
and form on his right. The main army will keep as nearly abreast of the
boats as possible; the horns in the boats must be frequently sounded to
give notice of their situation. A captain and sixty men will advance a
mile in front of the boats on the west side of the river to scour the
country and give notice of ambuscades. In case of their being attacked by
a superior force they are to retreat across the river, for which purpose
four light boats will keep ahead of the fleet, nearly abreast of the
party, to transport them across the river in case of necessity; in these
boats there will be a trusty officer and twelve armed soldiers who, are to
be answerable for their conduct. Colonel Proctor will take part with his
pieces of artillery, which will be fixed in the boats and have the
direction of the whole fleet, he will take such officers and men with him
as he shall find necessary. When a warm firing commences against the light
party on the west side of the river the armed boats will immediately
proceed to the place to cover the party by their fire.
Should a firing begin with the main army, Colonel Proctor will wait for
orders; he is also directed to establish signals to notify the fleet how
to conduct in case of attack or other emergencies. The brigadiers must see
that a covered wagon be filled with ammunition and put into proper boats
for their respective brigades.
Monday, July 26th. Visited the criminals, found them greatly dejected on
account of their approaching dissolution; orders were issued that by
reason of the unsettled state of the weather their execution be postponed
until tomorrow. P.M., 5 o'clock. Read a Philadelphia paper giving a
particular account of the enemy's burning Norwalk, the Saw Pitts, etc.
Tuesday, July 27th. Visited the convicts twice; in discussing with them
upon a future state they appeared much affected and very penitent
represented their situation to General Sullivan, who told me that in
consequence of a petition received from them he had ordered a board of
general officers to sit. On the issuing of this day's orders the following
sentence was read with pleasure by myself and the other chaplains: "The
Commander-in-Chief having received a petition from the prisoners of the
German battalion now under sentence, manifesting their consciousness of
the crimes for which they have been condemned, and promising in case of
pardon to distinguish themselves in future as brave and obedient soldiers,
which petition being laid before a board of general officers in hopes that
an act of lenity may have a proper effect on their future conduct as well
as that of others, they have unanimously advised a pardon of all the
offenders without discrimination. The General, wishing to extend mercy
where it can be done without injury to the public service, has accordingly
consented to pardon each and every one of the offenders tried and
sentenced by a general court martial, whereof Brigadier General Poor was
president, and directs that they be immediately released and restored to
their duty. Lest this unparalleled act of lenity should be abused, and any
soldier take the same unjustifiable measures hereafter, the
Commander-in-Chief absolutely declares he will not in future pardon a
deserter, or one who, though his time be expired, shall quit his corps
without a proper discharge from his commanding officer." Instantly after
the above was made known to the criminals, I called in to see them, and
found them calm, composed and thankful; agreeably to the above order the
whole twenty-nine were dismissed the main guard and joined their regiment.
Wednesday, July 28th. News arrived of a large body of Indians having
drawn about one hundred and forty of our militia stationed on the
Delaware, at a place called Lackawack, above the Minisink, into an
ambuscade, only eighteen or twenty of the party escaping, all the rest
fell a prey to savage barbarity. This unfortunate affair happened on the
22d instant. Two or three field officers, with several captains,
lieutenants and ensigns were among the missing. Colonel Read arrived from
Sullivan's Stores with his detachment and ninety loaded wagons. P.M.
Walked to the park of artillery, on my way down saw a note from Shawnee
directed to Dr. Ellmore, requesting his attendance on a man who, a few
miles distant from this place, was shot both in his side and thigh by some
Indians or painted Tories, but had the good fortune to get safe to his
family; one he knew to be a white man, an acquaintance of his, who many
months ago had joined the enemy.
"Ah why will kings forget that they are men,
And men that they are brethren why delight
In human sacrifice? Why burst the ties
Of nature that should knit their souls together
In one soft bond of unity and love."
Thursday, July 29th. Agreeably to previous determination, the bodies of
Captain Davis and Lieutenant Jones were removed from the place of their
interment to the proper burying ground. The brotherhood met at five
o'clock, and marching by the General's marquee, had the pleasure of his
company. Colonels Proctor's and Hubley's regiments, with drums, fifes and
the band of music, accompanied them. Reaching the graves, an exceedingly
heavy shower of rain prevented the delivery of a discourse designed for
the occasion, however, a short prayer was made, the bodies were interred
in Masonic form, and three volleys of small arms fired. This evening
General Sullivan received a letter giving a more favorable account of the
Lackawack battle, making the killed and missing between forty and fifty.
Orders were this day given for everything to be gotten in readiness for
the marching of the army on Saturday morning.
Friday, July 30th. A letter was received by the General, dated yesterday
at Northumberland, seven o'clock A.M., from Colonel Cook, informing him
that the day before the enemy made themselves masters of Freeland's Fort
upon terms of capitulation, viz: "The men to remain prisoners of war, and
they with the fort to be plundered by the Indians, the women to go free,"
The number of the enemy before the fort were two hundred and fifty,
one-third of them were British troops, under the command of Captain
McDonald, with a "corps de reserve" of one hundred men. At Northumberland,
which is only twenty miles distant from the fort, there were only one
hundred and fifty men to make a stand for the protection of the women and
children, it being impossible to get them off; when the express came away
they expected to be attacked every hour; the enemy had collected all the
cattle and abundance of plunder of every kind. In an action after the
capitulation, Captain Hawkins Boon and fourteen volunteers were killed and
scalped and a few wounded.
Saturday, July 31st. This morning every department of the army was very
busy in preparing for a movement. About one o'clock P.M. the whole marched
from Wyoming agreeably to the orders of the 25th. The fleet, under the
command of Colonel Proctor, consisting of one hundred and twenty boats,
appeared most beautifully on the river; in passing the fort there was a
mutual salute which gave universal satisfaction. The country we came
through today, though generally a wilderness, affords a pleasing prospect
of great improvement in a future day; we passed several plantations, no
houses of any kind standing, being all burnt by the enemy; from the road
we occasionally saw the river, which excited agreeable sensations.
Crossing Lackawanick creek, which is in breadth about sixty yards and
fordable all times of the year; it empties into the Susquehanna; encamped
for the night near the same on a beautiful plain at Lackawanick, having
marched from Wilkesbarre ten miles, and reaching the plain between the
hours of five and six. Our course this day N. N. E. The light corps,
which agreeably to general orders were to march in three columns, were by
General Hand arranged as follows: Eleventh Pennsylvania regiment and
Captain Spalding's independent company advanced by platoons from the
centre of a line formed by them, and constituted a column to proceed on
the main road. The German regiment and Captain Schott's independent corps
from the right of the said regiment, formed a column and marched on the
right of the Eleventh, having their right flank covered by one-third of
the light infantry of the Eleventh and Schott's riflemen in Indian file.
Two-thirds of the light infantry of the Eleventh and Captain Spalding's
riflemen marched in Indian file on the left flank, and answer the purpose
of a third column; each column and flanking party had proportioned to
their strength respectively a small party advanced in front, the same to
be observed if possible until our arrival at Tioga.
Sunday, August 1st. The preceding night very rainy and at times
uncommonly heavy, felt very cold and uncomfortable, which may be
attributed in a great measure to sleeping on the ground and getting a
great deal wet. General Hand this morning issued directions to be strictly
observed by the light corps under his command in case of being attacked on
the march, concluding with the following expressive language. The
Brigadier begs leave to assure the light troops that experience has taught
him that maintaining a good countenance and a little perseverance, which
from their known valor, he has every reason to expect will ensure success
against the kind of enemy they have to oppose, and that turning their
backs, let them be pressed ever so closely, will end in their utter ruin."
Between the hours of two and three P.M. the fleet arrived, which, owing to
many unforeseen difficulties, could not reach the Lackawanick sooner; two
boats, one loaded with ammunition, the other with provisions, were sunk;
the ammunition and provisions were saved. At three o'clock P.M. our line
of march recommenced, which, as we had all our horses and cattle
collected, must have exhibited a grand spectacle had there been any
disposed to take a view of the whole. They army being obliged to proceed
in Indian file, and the pack horses only, judged to be about two thousand
in number, must have formed, according to the opinion of many of the
officers, a line of at least six miles. This day we marched seven miles,
and arriving about dusk at Quialutimunck, we pitched our tents for the
night, contiguous to several fine springs on a considerably level spot
surrounded by mountains and close by the river. Our course this day
principally N. The road we marched over was exceedingly bad; we passed
two places called the Narrows, previous to our reaching the first (which
are one mile in length); a very great curiosity presented itself to view,
viz., a cascade or falling spring. The water descended in great abundance
and amazingly rapid down a rock, interspersed with chasms, about eighty
feet high; the ear was agreeably stricken by the constant sound created by
the descending water; the distance between the first and second Narrows is
three miles, which are one and a half miles long. The riding was much
better than at the first Narrows, which was very stony and in several
places so sloping as to have rendered it unsafe to keep on horseback. The
soil of this country in general is loose and rich, abounding in trees of
almost every kind, which, together with the high and thick brush, rendered
our journeying rather tedious. In casting my eyes upon hills and
mountains, some of which were imagined to be two, three and four hundred
feet in height, my thoughts were agreeably led from nature's works to
contemplate on nature's God. May it be my constant wish and aim to devote
myself to the service of Him whose wisdom, power and goodness shine so
conspicuous amidst all created objects. The fleet generally kept abreast
of us, and our course being mostly on the water's edge, we had frequently
the opportunity of exchanging words. They all arrived timely without any
detriment at Quialutimunck. At Quialutimunck there was a few years ago an
Indian town. The pasture ground at this encampment is very excellent,
consisting of the highest Timothy grass I ever saw.
Monday, August 2d. Orders were this day issued for a continuance on the
present ground, by reason of many of the pack horses not arriving till
this morning. Colonel Cilley's regiment being in the rear to protect and
bring on everything, did not arrive till two hours after sunrise; he gave
an account of his having had a very tedious night; several horses gave
out, the packs kept continually giving way and a considerable number of
flour kegs burst, and the flour was lost. These with other reasons induced
the General to prevent a movement until tomorrow morning. This being the
anniversary of my nativity, grant, O God, that as my moments fly apace, I
may by the assistance of thy Holy Spirit double my diligence to make my
calling and election sure.
Tuesday, August 3rd. The light troops began their march at six o'clock
in the morning, the main body at seven. The major part of the way we met
with trifling difficulties; we had to encounter a few bad places, such as
swamps, steep hills and thickets; however in comparison with Sunday's
march, it deserves the appellation of excellent. On an exceedingly high
spot we had the pleasure of viewing many adjacent mountains; in two or
three places for a considerable way the woods were open, the earth in
general fine, trees stately and of various sorts; among the rest are
interspersed the sugar maple and birch. We crossed several beautiful
purling streams or creeks, viz : Buttermilk Run, Tunkhunnunk, and a few
smaller one. Buttermilk Run, about forty yards below where we crossed it,
falls off a rock or rocks fifty feet in height, which goes by the name of
Buttermilk Falls; so called on account of the water in its rapid descent
appearing as white as the whitest buttermilk. Tunkhunnunk is a beautiful
creek eight poles in breadth. The place where we crossed it, about
three-quarters of a mile from the Susquehanna, into which it empties, was
very rapid. The path along which we came and on each side of it as far as
we could see, wild grass had grown in abundance. Some places, owing to the
herbage, emitted a most fragrant smell, and we frequently had the pleasure
of viewing flowers of various hues. Hazelnuts were ripening for a long
tract of country in amazing quantities, and beyond a doubt nature has been
equally kind in causing these wilds to abound with other things delicious
to the taste. Several deer were seen both by the officers and men; one
came running close by us, none dared to fire, it being contrary to orders.
Two privates in the right column, having each shot a fawn were put under
guard as it occasioned a small alarm, and might if not prevented be
attended with bad consequences. The country all along abounds with snakes,
particularly the rattlesnake and blacksnake. At two o'clock P.M., we
arrived at Tunkhunnunk, and encamped on the banks of the Susquehanna,
about a mile from where we crossed the creek of the same name. The fleet
got up between the hours of three and four. This day we marched twelve
miles, course N. N. W.
Wednesday, August 4th. The light troops marched at five o'clock in the
morning, and the main body at six. Soon after we set out we entered upon
the third place since we left Wyoming called the Narrows, a mile and a
half in length, a very bad, stony passage. These Narrows or defiles are on
the west bounded by the river, which upon that account when the water if
very high cannot well be traveled over. On the east they are bounded by
exceedingly lofty and seemingly impassable mountains. Getting clear of this
defile we had to rise a monstrous hill, very steep, with a narrow pathway
for in case a horse should miss his step he must fall at least one hundred
and fifty feet; the spectacle was horrid. Having surmounted this
difficulty we had the pleasure of marching through a good deal of open
wood, though one or two disagreeable swamps opposed us in our passage; in
fine, many of yesterday's observations are applicable to this. Eight miles
from Tunkhunnunk is a delightful creek called Masshappen or Massappe in
breadth seven rods; we crossed it near its mouth. The wilderness
thereabouts goes by its name. For two miles after we passed this creek we
marched over a fine level tract and then entered upon another defile not
near so tedious as the former. Arriving at a place called Black Walnut
Bottom, our tents were pitched for the night on the river bank. The main
body encamped on a tract formerly improved by one Vanderlip; the light
troops farther on, where one Williamson held a plantation. A creek, viz.,
Machapendaarre, ran between the two encampments. Our march this day was
thirteen miles. Our course in general, northwest. At the bottom of the
steep hill was an excellent stream of water. On this, as well as on the
preceding days, we had several flying reports concerning the enemy though
no real discoveries were made. Towards evening our fisherman Hansell
returned from his flanking manoeuver and introduced himself with a good
string of fish, on which having refreshed ourselves we retired soldierlike
to our hard beds and devoted the night to invigorating sleep. "A contented
mind and a good conscience will make a man happy in all conditions."
"Hail universal Lord! Be bounteous still.
To give us only good; and if the night
Have gathered ought of evil or concealed
Disperse it, as now light dispels the dark."
Thursday, August 5th. By reason of the boats not arriving till late this
morning the light troops did not march till half past eight o'clock, the
main body their usual time after. We soon entered another defile or
narrows three-quarters of a mile in length, bounded as the other defiles,
though the mountains on the east appeared rather more perpendicular and
lofty. Leaving the narrows we ascended a steep but short hill and traveled
over a considerable open part of the country, the land in some places very
indifferent, in others rich and fit for meadow. About two miles from Black
Walnut Bottom, we crossed a small run or creek named Tuscaroge, took a
particular view of the two places where the enemy last fall attacked
Colonel Hartley's regiment on its return from Tioga. Both of them were as
favorable for action as the regiment could have wished. We passed by a
skull of one of our men who was then killed, hanging on a small tree.
After we left this height, having marched over a low and swampy piece of
ground we came to Wyalusing mountain. The ascent was gradual, at the top
we had a pleasing view of the Susquehanna; its form is rather more than
semi-circular, flowing around a large tract of wilderness called the Horse
Shoe, which every one who sees it will confess to be rightly named.
From the top of the mountain the plains of Wyalusing settlement are also
visible, the descent of the mountain is not nearly so gradual as the
ascent. The mountain is two miles over; on reaching the foot we entered a
thicket containing the largest trees my eyes ever beheld of the sycamore
or button wood kind, being in circumference, take one with another,
between twenty and thirty feet, and in diameter between nine and twelve feet.
Notwithstanding these trees, the bottom is called Sugar Bottom, on account
of the Sugar Maple. Along this bottom there grows plenty of a root called
sweet Sicily, of a similar taste with anise-seed and very useful. On the
mountain and in the bottom we saw several spots where the Indians had
encamped; fresh Indian tracks were discovered and one of their canoes was
taken up by Mr. Lodge, also, by some of our soldiers, a raft with a pair
of moccasins. An engagement was expected throughout the day, but granting
that the enemy had a fair view of us, of which we had not the least doubt,
they suffered us to pass unmolested, notwithstanding the many advantageous
posts they might have occupied in annoying us. From the foot of the
mountain to Wyalusing, the distance is one and a half miles. Wyalusing,
which we reached in good season, consists of about one thousand acres of
clear land amazingly fertile and containing beds of extraordinary fine
English grass. Since the present contest the town, which was inhabited by
Moravian Indians, has been partly destroyed by our people and partly by
the Indians. It contains upwards of eighty good square log houses and a
fine ornamented Moravian church in the centre with a bell. The minister
resided in the town, there was also a tavern and other public buildings;
all of which without exception were demolished or rafted down the
Susquehanna. No sign of even the smallest hut was left standing. These
Indians moved off with their families towards the Ohio. On this fine open
plain, like a bed of down, the main army encamped. The light troops
marched a mile further on, contiguous to an excellent spring, the place
abounding with good pasture and distant from the river about half a mile
where we made our fires and took up our abode for the night. This day's
march was nine miles, course north, 80 degrees west, or northwest by west.
Wyalusing plains are exactly fifty miles from Wyoming, agreeably to the
actual survey of Mr. Lodge. The country hereabouts is excellent for hunting.
Friday, August 6th. This day the army halted, a party of thirty men from
the light corps with a commissioned officer were sent out on a scout and
returned without making any discoveries. Towards evening I rode to
headquarters, where information had been received of four hundred and
fifty British troops from Canada having joined the Indians, also a great
body of savages from that quarter having been implored so to do by Colonel
Brant, a devoted servant of the man who bears the title of the "Defender
of the Faith." May the Lord give him that faith which worketh by love.
Visited Colonel Proctor on board the "Adventure," and felt happy in
finding all the fleet safely arrived and moored along the shore of
Wyalusing plains. The evening rainy, which continued almost the whole
night. Through the country the nights and mornings are generally foggy;
when we were in Wyoming, and since we left it I scarcely remember seeing
any clear sunshine until considerably late in the day.
Saturday, August 7th. By reason of the rain the army continued at
Wyalusing. We hear that the Indians had been doing mischief on the west
branch of the Susquehanna near Northumberland. Nothing new occurred among
us except that one or two scouting parties were sent out who returned
without making any discoveries. Wyalusing belonged to one Job Childeway,
an Indian, a friend of our cause. Indian Job died last winter. Many
handsome things are spoken of him; which make his manners to be
"By strangers honored, and by strangers mourned."
Sunday, August 8th. The light troops marched at five o'clock in the
morning and the main body at six. We crossed Wyalusing creek, a fine
stream, where it is eighty feet wide in batteaux. Having soon afterwards
ascended a long and high mountain, which consisted of a good deal of
miserable but some rich land, we found our march tolerably agreeable as
the woods were not as thick as common. The descent of the mountain was
very rough and steep. We then passed along a short defile, leaving which
our course was for a considerable distance along the banks of the river
through a gloomy thicket. Having waded through the creek and descended
another steep place, we entered upon another defile rather longer and more
tedious than the former one. After this we soon arrived at Standing Stone
Flats, distant from Wyalusing ten miles. Here is plenty of good land, fit
for meadow and for raising wheat and other grain. It was formerly settled
by a few families, some of whom have since been so villainous as to join
the savages. Just upon entering these flats, I saw the stone from which
they take their name. It is upon the opposite shore, on the cap of the
water with which it is usually surrounded. Its height is twenty feet. Its
breadth fourteen feet. Its thickness two and a half feet. At the back of
it is a large rock forming more than a semi-circle upon which it is
supposed a considerable tenement might be erected. Passing then through
another thicket, we came to a third defile, the worst narrow Passage, on
account of stone and roughness, which we have met with since we left
Wyoming. Surmounting this difficulty and passing over a tract of
exceedingly fine bottom, we arrived at Weesauking or Rush Meadow Creek, a
stream both narrow and shallow. Not far from this, on the banks of the
Susquehanna we encamped for the night. The ground was level and very good,
but we could find no spring water. Distance today thirteen and a half
miles, our course northwest. Captain Bush having gathered a few wild
gooseberries, gave me one to taste; they are exactly similar to the tame
kind. I plucked some wild pinks, and saw wild tulips, and also plenty of
crab apples. Across the river, and upon an island, we had the pleasure of
viewing a large flock of wild ducks; contrary to orders to fire, or we
might have had an excellent supper. This country abounds also in turkeys,
which, in their flight near us make us often wish for a repeal of the
general orders. General Sullivan being ill, took passage on board the
fleet, which arrived at Standing Stone Flat, where the main body of the
army tarried during the night. On this day's march we saw one or two
places where the savages had lately encamped, also an Indian paddle
floating down the river, and a canoe lying on the beach. A scouting party
which had gone forward many miles, returning informed us that they had
seen three tracks of Indians, and a spot where they had lately set down.
They were undoubtedly spying our progress though as yet we have met with
no impediment from them.
Monday, August 9th. The main army not reaching Weesauking till ten
o'clock, A.M., the light troops did not leave it until one-quarter of an
hour afterwards. Considering our advanced position, we were under some
expectation of a visit from our tawny neighbors. However, we passed the
night without being disturbed. Soon after we set out, we were a little
obstructed by a swamp. Afterwards, as usual, our time was employed in
rising and descending mountains; sometimes marching by the river, but
mostly at a considerable distance from it. The land was without exception
rich; but none of the timber, though of various kinds, by any means nigh
as large as that which may be seen between Wyoming and Easton. Between
four and five miles from Weesauking we came to a hill called Break-neck
Hill. It is an exceeding narrow and side long path along a very high
mountain, about a quarter of mile long, with scarcely room for man and
horse to walk in, and in case of a misstep nothing seemingly could
preserve from instant death, as the fall must be at least one hundred and
eighty feet perpendicular down rocks into the river. We got safe over this
shocking passage. The army marched with orders to stop one mile ahead of
the first plains of Shesecunnunk, opposite to which on the other shore had
been an Indian settlement, consisting of a few houses. They were destroyed
last fall by Colonel Hartley's detachment. Owing to the mistake of the
guides or some other cause the first plains were passed. It was then
judged proper to proceed through the woods to the upper plains of
Shesecunnunk, which we reached at five o'clock, P.M. Near these plains
and on them, we plainly discovered many fresh tracks of the enemy; and we
doubt not of their having been here but a short time before our arrival. M
arch of the light troops today from Weesauking Upper plains eleven miles.
Our general course north by northwest. On this as well as on some of the
preceding days, we saw several of the bows on which the Indians dry the
scalps they take. Two or three canoes were taken up opposite our encamping
ground. This day's march was very fatiguing and several of the men gave
out. A good deal of the ground we passed over was covered with pea vines.
May apples were also plenty.
Tuesday, August 10th. Captain Gifford who commanded the detachment of
the army on the west side of the river, gave us a little history of his
march and observations, differing not much from that of the army on the
east side. The fleet arrived between eight and nine o'clock this morning
after a tedious passage from Weesauking. Yesterday about four o'clock,
P.M., they burned an Indian town on the west bank of the river, and
containing about twenty-eight wigwams. One of the boats was sunk on the
passage; but a party being sent down for the purpose, saved all the flour
but two barrels. By this day's general orders the quantum of rations was
diminished; several reasons made manifest the propriety of this measure.
General Sullivan, with the brigadiers, and a regiment from each brigade
who went out to reconnoiter, returned without making discovery of any savages.
Wednesday, August 11th. The light troops marched from upper
Shesecunnunk, at half past seven, the main body at eight o'clock, A.M.
Proceeding about one mile and a half we arrived at a fording place on the
Susquehanna, unknown to any of our guides, but found out on the preceding
day by the general officers. The troops pursuant to orders, taking off
their overalls and tying them about their necks, crossed in platoons under
cover of the fleet, each soldier grasping the hand of his comrade next to
him for support. The current being strong and the water for a considerable
distance coming up to the middle of the men, some considerable
difficulties were encountered, but notwithstanding every impediment the
whole body got over without suffering any peculiar disadvantage. General
Hand in order to animate his brigade, dismounted and marched through on
foot at the head of his soldiers. Such an army crossing a river with so
much regularity at a place so rapid and in width three hundred and thirty
yards, affords the spectator a pleasing sight, and must have struck our
enemies with awe. I must doubt whether the army of Alexander the Great
encountered as many difficulties with as much good humor as ours has
evinced. The river being forded we entered upon what is properly called
the Indian country, or that part of the wilderness claimed by the six
nations, the boundary on the west side is the Tawandee Creek, emptying
into the Susquehanna, about three mile above Weesauking. The army being
formed as usual we proceeded sometimes in single files, and then in
double, through a thicket till we entered those beautiful plains where the
Tioga branch unites itself with the main river. On this level spot stood
Queen Esther's palace, burned by Colonel Hartley last fall. Over those
plains the army marched towards the mouth of the Tioga, in order of battle,
the light troops being joined by two three-pounders from the regiment of
artillery. The view of this was grand beyond description, as the ground
for a great circuit was level and the grass high and green. Drums were
beating, fifes playing, colors flying. Getting to the mouth of the Tioga,
we found it in width one hundred and forty-two yards, and the water much
deeper than had been imagined. Verdant plains in our rear, the flowing
Susquehanna on our right. Ourselves in the Tioga or Cayuga stream, with a fine
neck of land in our front and mountains surrounding the whole afforded
pleasant reflections though separated from friends and in an enemy's
country. Surely a soil like this is worth contending for. Possessing
ourselves of the north side of the Tioga, and passing through a swampy
piece of ground we entered upon other plains, pleasing to the eye, though
not so grand as those on the south. Here the main body encamped; the light
troops proceeded farther on, one column on the banks of the Susquehanna,
and another on those of the Tioga banks. The land in general very fine.
Having advanced a mile and better our tents were pitched from river to
river, judged to be two hundred yards. Just below our encampment we took a
view of the Indians' carrying place, thirteen yards across, so called from
their carrying or dragging their canoes from river to river to save
themselves the trouble of paddling round the neck.
On the west side of the Tioga is a most beautiful tract of level and fine
country, terminated by a mountain. On this tract an Indian town formerly
stood; it was destroyed by themselves. This day we marched five miles,
course due north. Saw Captain Jehoiakim, who with four men had come thus
far forward the day before. He picked up one or two horses that had been
left behind by the savages. Captain Jehoiakim's three Stockbridge Indians
left us at Wyoming.
Thursday, August 12th. Rode to the other encampment. The scouting party
which went out the evening before with Captain Cummins, returned about
three o'clock, P.M. The accounts brought by them of Chemung and the
seeming security of the Indians there as well as of some white persons,
together with their fields of corn, etc., induced the General after
holding a council to determine to surprise the village if possible.
Accordingly between nine and ten o'clock at night, the major part of the
army marched with the utmost silence for the place with the
Commander-in-Chief, his family consisting of Generals Poor, Hand and
others. General Maxwell being unwell, tarried behind. To have been of the
party myself was my fervent desire, but I could not petition for it to be
granted, after being requested by General Hand to stay and take charge of
our family baggage and stores, which, among such domestics as we are
blessed with, was the necessary duty of some one. Captain Cummins's party
brought in with them two fresh scalps lately taken by the Indians, the
crowns of each only cut out. One, from the thinness of the skin, must have
been an infant's. In this day's general orders appeared in substance the
following: "As the army will soon be called upon to march against an enemy
whose savage barbarity to our fellow citizens, has rendered them proper
subject of our resentment, the General assures them that though their
number should even be equal, which he is sensible cannot withstand the
bravery and discipline of the troops he has the honor to command.
Nevertheless it ought to be remembered that they are a secret, desultory
and rapid foe, seizing every advantage and availing themselves of every
defeat on our part. Should we be so inattentive to our own safety as to
give way before them, they become the most dangerous and most destructive
enemy than can possibly be conceived. They follow the unhappy fugitives
with all the cruel and unrelenting hate of prevailing cowards, and are not
satisfied with slaughter until they have totally destroyed their
opponents. It therefore becomes every officer and soldier to resolve never
to fly before such an enemy, but determine either to conquer or perish,
which will ever insure success. Should they thus determine and thus act,
nothing but an uncommon frown of Providence can prevent us from obtaining
that which will insure peace and security to our frontiers, and afford
lasting honor to all concerned.
Friday, August 13th. That part of our army which marched for Chemung the
evening before returned at dusk. The particulars relative to this
enterprise as collected from several friends, particularly Major Edwards,
are as following: Owing to many inconveniences attending a march by night
in a wilderness, they did not arrive at Chemung till after daylight;
nevertheless the morning being very foggy, favored their undertaking.
Having surrounded the town, to their great sorrow they found it abandoned.
Its situation was beautiful, being on the banks of the Tioga branch. The
houses in general were good, some built of logs, others of hewed slabs, in
numbers, upwards of thirty with a council house. The whole was immediately
set fire to, and the place totally destroyed. The infantry then moved on
towards another Indian village called Newtown, distant from Chemung seven
or eight miles, in pursuit of the savages, who with their cattle were
supposed to have taken that route. Proceeding about one mile, they came to
the place where the savages had passed the night, but being apprized of
our approach they made their escape, leaving behind their blankets, fires
burning the dogs asleep by them. General Hand having by Major Edwards
requested General Sullivan to allow him to go on to Newtown, General
Sullivan consented, provided General Hand would engage to return next
morning to Tioga. General Hand then determined instantly to push forward.
Captain Bush's infantry being on the right flank, and the advance party
but a little in front, the light corps thus moving forward soon came to a
very high hill or rather ridge, which ran along on their right. The
Indians, who had fixed themselves there for the purpose immediately
discharged a very sharp volley upon our advanced party which wounded
Captain Franklin, their guide Adjutant Hinton, and a few others, killed a
sergeant and some privates. The 11th Pennsylvania regiment hereupon, in a
moment, pushed up the hill with an astonishing rapidity. The savages as
they were advancing gave them another well directed fire, but seeing the
determined spirit of our troops suddenly fled. The light corps pursued
them some distance and were pushing for Newtown, but General Sullivan
arriving, thought it best for them to return in order to destroy their f
ields of corn which were very fine indeed and supposed to be in the whole
nearly a hundred acres. From the quantity of corn and potatoes stored
there Chemung was judged to be designated for a magazine to supply their
future wants. As General Poor's brigade were destroying an upper field
they were fired upon by the Indians. He had one man killed and two or
three more wounded. The whole business of laying waste their ground and
burning their villages was completed before one o'clock, P.M., the
detachment having marched, going and returning, above thirty miles. The
11th Pennsylvania regiment had six killed, viz., one sergeant, one drummer
and four privates. Two officers badly wounded, viz., Captain Carberry and
Adjutant Huston. Slightly wounded six privates. The main army had one man
killed and a few wounded. The dead bodies were brought to camp on horses,
and all the wounded got in safe. Several Indian curiosities were picked up
by the soldiery and some of the officers, such as painted scalps, etc.
Tarried for my own part in my quarters all day and felt very lonesome.
Saturday, August 14th. Attended to the grave the bodies of the six
killed of Hubley's regiment. They were all as decently as possible
interred together. Pronounced a funeral oration and went to prayer; the
regiment very solemn and attentive. The scene was exceeding affecting.
Informed by Mr. Kilpatrick of the enemy's leaving Northumberland country,
after ruining all the settlements on the West Branch.
Sunday, August 15th. The forenoon being very cloudy, this, together with
parading the troops, and cooking, prevented preaching to the respective
brigades. Early in the afternoon as a number of gentlemen were sitting
with General Hand, we heard the discharge of several guns across the
Tioga, and immediately afterwards the Indian scalp warhoop. Upon our
repairing to the banks several savages were by different persons
discovered retreating along the mountains, taking with them four or five
horses. A detachment from the light troops in the upper and two Jersey
regiments from the lower encampments went in pursuit of them. But
agreeably to the old adage it was similar to looking for needles in a hay
stack. Their foot steps were plainly seen but their persons were
invisible. They killed and scalped one of our men, a lad employed as a
driver; his body was brought over soon afterwards. One of our soldiers was
wounded and a bullock was shot. The Indians are enemies fruitful in
stratagem, secret in their designs, and capable of taking every advantage
which the situation of the ground or our own inattention may give them. I
forgot to mention the supposed loss of the enemy in the battle on Friday.
A jacket of one of them was picked up bloody and shot through. Also a hat.
One or two were seen to fall and afterwards to be carried off by the
others. From these circumstances it is imagined that they had seven or
eight killed and wounded.
Monday, August 16th. This morning agreeably to orders of the 14th, nine
hundred picked men, with a suitable number of commissioned and
non-commissioned officers under the command of Generals Poor and Hand
marched off the ground in order to proceed upon the main branch, to meet
the troops and boats, which, under the command of General Clinton, were to
leave Lake Otsego, on the 9th instant. The detachment took with it eight
days' provisions. The light troops being much reduced by draughts from
them upon account of this expedition, were by reason of our advanced and
dangerous situation joined by two pieces of artillery from the park under
the command of Captains Craig and Emes. Visited the sick and wounded in
the general hospital. By this day's orders the soldiery were positively
forbidden to go out of the lines of the encampment under any pretext
whatever. A captain and fifty men were posted on the west side of the
Cayuga, to guard the horses and cattle and secure the camp. The troops
were forbidden to imitate the Indian whoop, as also to discharge their
guns wantonly. A single gun is to be considered as an alarm. P.M. An
express arrived, also a person from Philadelphia. The person from
Philadelphia, mentioned that Count d'Estaing had obtained a victory over
the British fleet off the Island of St. Vincent's. By letter from General
Clinton to General Sullivan, the latter was informed that the 16th of
August (this day), he should leave Onohocassage, about sixty miles up the
river from Tioga. The block houses, (which were directed to be built a
little in the rear of the infantry encampment, for the security of the
peninsula, and where a garrison with the flying hospital on the army's
marching from this are to be left, are going on with a good deal of
rapidity), were this evening called by the name of Fort Sullivan, out of
respect to the illustrious character who with his army first took
possession of this post on behalf of the United States.
Tuesday, August 17th. Last night the light corps were several times
alarmed by the sentries. Twice I got up. Small parties were sent out by
Colonel Hubley to reconnoiter the environs of the camp, and returned each
time with account of the sentries mistaking either horses or some other
moving objects for Indians. Two guns were discharged by the party on the
west side of the Cayuga, and one by the advanced front guard of infantry.
In the country of so lurking an enemy, we cannot but expect frequent
mistakes of this kind. P.M. Six soldiers of the German regiment having
obtained leave to go a small distance to search for some of their missing
horses, were between two and three hundred yards from our advanced
sentries, fired upon by about twelve secreted savages. They returned the
fire; four got into camp safe. A party being sent out by Colonel Hubley,
met one returning to the regiment shot through the arm and all the bones
above his elbow shattered. I went immediately to see him, and found the
poor fellow though full of pain, very patient; the sixth was killed by
three or four balls through the body and head, and scalped. His body was
found and brought in. He formerly lived in Fifth street, near Market
street, Philadelphia. His name was Philip Helter, by trade a biscuit baker.
Wednesday, August 18th. Very early this morning by reason of yesterday's
occurrence, several small parties with certain directions were sent out
different ways under enterprising officers to bring in if possible or kill
some of the dastardly cruel lurking foe. Last night a sentry discharged
his musket at an imaginary Indian which caused the infantry to appear
under arms; got up myself, soon retired again to my tent and slept very
sound till sunrise. At eleven o'clock, A.M., preached a sermon at our
encampment in commemoration of the death of Captain Davis and Lieutenant
Jones, vide observations of Thursday, July 29th. Present, General Sullivan
and his family; General Maxwell and family; the 11th Pennsylvania
regiment, artillery; members of Lodge No. 19, with many other gentlemen of
the army. A short time after sermon attended to the grave the body of
Philip Helter, addressed the soldiery and went to prayer; the day being
very sultry, was, after so much preaching a good deal overcome. The
parties sent out in the morning returned without doing anything material.
This night one gun was fired which occasioned a small alarm.
Thursday, August 19th. Parties, as yesterday, sent out; returned towards
evening in "eodem modo." This night a musket discharged at some fancied
enemy. Rainy all night.
Friday, August 20th. Early this morning arrived Lieutenant Boyd, of the
rifle corps with a letter from General Clinton to General Sullivan.
Lieutenant Boyd informs us that their army and our detachment met the day
before at ten o'clock A.M., eight miles this side of Chenango. The same
evening Owegy, an Indian village twenty miles from hence was by the army
laid in ashes. Lieutenant Boyd left them at Owegy, eleven o'clock, P.M.,
they resolving to be here the next, viz., this day. However, the day being
throughout very stormy, without doubt prevented their proceeding.
Lieutenant Boyd spent the day with Major Sproat, and purposes tarrying
with us till General Clinton gets in. General Clinton's troops had met
with no opposition on their march, when Mr. Boyd came away. They burnt
every house they came across, without exception, and destroyed all the
corn and grain.
Saturday, August 21st. No new occurrence.
Sunday, August 22nd. This morning arrived General Clinton with his army
and our detachment. The majority of General Clinton's troops came down in
batteaux, in number, two hundred and seven, and they of the small kind;
upon their passing by the light corps encampment they were saluted by the
discharge of thirteen rounds from two six pounders. As our detachment with
Colonel William Butler's command marched through, they were received by
the remaining part of General Hand's brigade under arms and welcomed by
the band of music and drums and fifes, playing alternately. At twelve
o'clock rode to the lower camp, and to my great satisfaction saw Mr. Gano;
found him hearty and well. The provisions brought by General Clinton did
not as to quantity turn out so much as we expected, owing to their
necessary consumption of the same at Lake Otsego, where they were obliged
to continue idle about a month as we were unprepared to meet them sooner
at Tioga. The consequences which must result may be easily supposed. The
first grand design of the expedition must in a great measure prevail
(fail). No preaching today by reason of the troops arriving and
preparations making for speedy departure. With General Clinton came only
two of the Oneidas.
Monday, August 23rd, A.M. Visited the sick and wounded. Dined at home,
Colonel Butler and other gentlemen being with us. P.M., spent with Dr.
Gano at General Clinton's Marquee. About five o'clock in General Poor's
brigade, a soldier flashing his gun, it went off, and at a considerable
distance shot an officer, as he was standing at a tent door. He instantly
expired. Upon calling to look at the body was informed that he was a
married man, his wife and five children residing in New Hampshire; a sad
misfortune. By this day's orders the 4th Pennsylvania regiment and Rifle
Corps are annexed to General Hand's brigade. Two hundred and fifty men
properly officered, exclusive of boatmen to be left as a garrison at this
place, Colonel Shreve appointed to command. Myself ordered to officiate as
chaplain to the garrison at Wyoming. This is in consequence of the
dispersed state of the 3rd Pennsylvania brigade and the majority of those
who are together, being attached to the light corps, whose duty, after
they leave Tioga, will be such as to render my presence unnecessary, as no
opportunity for preaching can possibly occur. These considerations caused
me to comply without much hesitation.
Tuesday, August 24th. This day nothing material occurred except the
universal hurry throughout the whole in preparing for a march.
Accordingly, P.M., tents were struck, horses loaded, and every movement
necessary for the new movement took place. Owing to the numbers of the
pack horses being lost or otherwise missing, General Clinton's brigade was
poorly supplied.
Wednesday, August 25th. The troops were this forenoon to march agreeably
to yesterday's directions, were by reason of their not being properly
equipped, ordered to hold themselves in perfect readiness to proceed at
all events. At eleven o'clock arrived three Oneidas, one a Lieutenant
commissioned by Congress; upon their advancing to the infantry encampment
a sentry presented his firelock; the Oneidas clubbed theirs and ventured
in by making signs of good faith. Upon their marching through the several
brigades many officers and soldiers, laboring under the same belief with
the sentry, particularly as they were escorted by a guard, gathered around
them; they informed us that one of their young warriors was lately killed
in Canada, by the British, and that a number of their tribe had since gone
to revenge his death. P.M. Heavy rain. In the evening an express
arrived; intelligence by him received that Colonel Broadhead, from Fort
Pitt, had marched with a number of troops and friendly Indians with an
intention of forming a junction with General Sullivan, near Genesee. He
also brought several newspapers, which announced the victory obtained by
the French fleet over the British off Grenada, and that Island, together
with Tobago, was in possession of our allies.
Thursday, August 26th. Early this morning rode to the lower encampment;
they appeared in great hurry and confusion; soon returned to my quarters.
Late in the forenoon the whole, exclusive of the garrison, marched. Many
articles went up the Tioga in boats; as they set out under great and
divers inconveniences, their return must be so sudden as will in all
probability prevent effecting much. Twenty-seven days provisions only,
Artillery passing through an uncultivated country, etc. However ardent my
wishes are, yet my fears more than counterbalance. The Rifle and Light
Corps moving off with the sound of the horn, appeared highly pleasing, the
main body following in their rear about one mile, added a peculiar grace.
Would to God they were better supplied. Captain Bush, Dr. Kinnersley and
myself erected our living abode within the lines of Fort Sullivan,
proposing to spend our time as comfortably as possible together, until
some of the boats set off for Wyoming. The command of the garrison being
committed to so vigilant and worthy an officer as Colonel Shreve, affords
much confidence and good humor in all those who are to continue with him,
although their sufferings may be great and duty must be hard. Captain Wool
has charge of the two garrison six pounders. Colonel Dubois and Lieutenant
Colonel Reignier commanded the flanking division on the right of the army.
Colonel Ogden and Lieutenant Colonel Willett, that on the left.
Friday, August 27th. The Army yesterday moved but three miles; marched
again this morning about seven o'clock. The great parade and regularity
which is observed, must unavoidably in the end, letting alone all other
obstacles, greatly defeat the purpose of the expedition, considering the
coyness and subtlety of the Indians. The garrison at Fort Sullivan is very
short of provisions, the salted beef much tainted. Divers cattle which
since our arrival at this post have strayed away, were this day discovered
by a scouting party sent out by the commandant. The party could bring none
in, as they were apparently as wild as deer. The past night very cold,
this morning, till late, exceeding foggy; and from about eleven o'clock,
A.M., till four P.M., very sultry.
Saturday, August 28th. A party which was directed to search after
strayed horses and cattle, early this morning drove into the fort
twenty-four of the latter. A great blessing indeed, as there are in the
garrison about twelve hundred souls, men, women and children included, and
previous to the twenty-four cattle being drove in, but five were left and
those but poor. About dusk, sixty boats, most of them having many of the
garrison on board, set off for Wyoming for provisions and other
necessaries; took passage myself with Captain Bush, on board the
"Adventure," where were fixed as conveniently as circumstances would
permit Captain Carberry and Adjutant Huston, who owing to their wounds and
much pain were exceedingly uneasy; spent a very disagreeable night, as I
had to sit or stand in a cramped posture.
THE END.